Brief History of Kazan
Foundation of Kazan and its early history
Kazan was founded more than 1,000 years ago as an outpost on the northern borders of the Volga Bulgaria — a historic Bulgar state in the Middle Volga region and the Kama River basin, which existed from the 7th to 13th centuries. The age of Kazan was determined during excavations on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, when a Czech coin dated 929-930 was found here, as well as the remains of masonry, a wooden fence, utensils.
In the 1220s-1240s, the Volga Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongols and, retaining some autonomy, was included in the Ulus of Jochi also known as the Golden Horde. After the formation of the Golden Horde, the Volga Bulgarians (Bulgars) became one of the main components in the ethnogenesis of today’s Kazan Tatars and Chuvashs.
In the 13th-14th centuries, Kazan became an important trade and political center of the Golden Horde. The growth of the town was also due to its favorable geographical position at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. In the Russian chronicles, Kazan began to be mentioned in the 14th-15th centuries.
In 1438, the Bulgarian fortress of Kazan was captured by the Golden Horde khan Ulugh Muhammad, and the town became the capital of the Kazan Khanate. During this period, the production of leather goods, pottery, and weapons developed here. Kazan traded with Moscow, Crimea, the Ottoman Empire, and other regions.
More Historical Facts…
A series of conflicts with the Principality of Moscow eventually led to the capture of Kazan by the army of Ivan the Terrible in 1552. After the suppression of the uprisings in the Kazan region, a new era began in the history of the town — as part of the Russian state. In the 17th century, the first manufactories appeared in Kazan. In 1646, there were 5,432 men and 1,652 households in the town.
Kazan as part of the Russian Empire
In 1708, Kazan became the capital of the vast Kazan Governorate. During the reign of Peter the Great, it became one of the most important industrial and administrative centers of Russia. A tannery and a cloth manufactory were built here. In 1722, Peter the Great visited Kazan.
The rapid development of Kazan began after the visit of Empress Catherine II in 1767, when she lifted all previous restrictions on the construction of stone mosques and Tatar public buildings, as well as in connection with her decree “On the tolerance of all faiths.” She presented Kazan with a galley and a carriage. The galley was lost during a fire, but the carriage was preserved. It is also installed as a replica-monument on the pedestrian Bauman Street.
In 1781, Catherine II approved the emblem of Kazan, in 1782 — the first regular development plan for the city, which determined its development for a century and a half. By the end of the 18th century, about 22 thousand people lived in Kazan, more than 40 thousand with nearby settlements, Tatars made up only about 10% of the population.
In 1804, Imperial Kazan University was opened, the most famous students of which are Vladimir Lenin and Leo Tolstoy. In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus, professor at Kazan University, discovered ruthenium and named it in honor of Russia. Ruthenium is the only chemical element discovered in the Russian Empire and the USSR before the synthesis of transuranium elements in the late 20th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, significant changes took place in the infrastructure of Kazan: gas (1874) and electric (1897) lighting, one of the first electric trams (1899), telegraph (1859) and telephone (1881). In 1874, the city water supply was opened. In 1896, the railway connected Kazan with Moscow.
Kazan in the 20th century and beyond
In 1901, the Kazan Observatory was opened. In 1914, the population of Kazan was about 194,200 people. In 1918, during the Civil War in Russia, fierce battles were fought for Kazan. The troops of the Czechoslovak Legion in the course of five-day battles captured Kazan on August 6. The Red Army established control of the city on September 10.
On May 27, 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed with its capital in Kazan. In the 1930s, intensive industrialization of the city began, accompanied by rapid population growth. In 1939, the population of Kazan was 398,014 people.
During the Second World War, large factories were evacuated to Kazan. The city also became the temporary scientific “capital” of the USSR. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as most of the research institutes and a number of design bureaus were evacuated here.
After the war, the active development of the city continued. Kazan became one of the largest industrial, scientific, and cultural centers of the USSR, the population increased 2.5 times. In 1979, it exceeded 1 million people. Kazan also became one of the largest river ports, a new airport was built.
In 1990, Kazan was declared the capital of the sovereign Republic of Tatarstan. In the 1990s, this city became one of the most important interregional political, financial, sports, and tourist centers of Russia. In 2008, Kazan registered the brand “The Third Capital of Russia.”
In the 1990s-2000s, the historic center of Kazan was significantly rebuilt in preparation for the celebration of the millennium of the city. In 2005, the Millennium of Kazan was celebrated. In connection with this event, such objects as the Kazan Metro, the Kul-Sharif Mosque, the Millennium Bridge, the new hippodrome, Tatneft-Arena were built.
About one million tourists a year began to visit Kazan making it one of the most important tourist centers in Russia. The Kazan Kremlin became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Several foreign general consulates and other diplomatic, trade, humanitarian representations were opened in the city.
Such large international sports competitions as the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Aquatics Championship 2015, and six matches of the 2018 World Cup were held in Kazan.
Contrasts of Kazan
In the center of Kazan
Author: Sergey Bulanov
Kul-Sharif Mosque and Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan
Author: Ayhan Sahin
The cultural-entertaining complex Pyramid in Kazan
Author: Sergey Kozin
Kazan — Features
The Kazanka River flows from the north-east to the west through the middle of the city and divides Kazan into two parts — the historic part to the south of the river and the new part to the north. They are connected by five dams and bridges, as well as a metro line.
The climate of Kazan is temperate continental, severe frosts and scorching heat are rare and not typical for this city. The average temperature in January is minus 10.4 degrees Celsius, in July — plus 20.2 degrees Celsius.
There are several legends associated with the name of the city. According to the most common one, it originates from the Tatar word “kazan” meaning “cauldron”. The legend says that Kazan was founded on the spot where water boiled in a cauldron dug into the ground without fire. The historical symbol of Kazan, which is depicted on the emblem of the city, is the mythical dragon-like creature Zilant often mentioned in Tatar legends.
The industrial basis of Kazan includes engineering, chemical and petrochemical industries, light and food industries. The largest enterprises of Kazan are the chemical complex of Kazanorgsintez, the Kazan gunpowder factory (the oldest in Russia), and a unique cluster of three aviation industry enterprises. Tourism is also one of the promising directions for the development of the city. In 2019, about 3.5 million tourists visited Kazan.
This is one of the largest transport and logistics hubs in Russia. Kazan International Airport offers regular flights to such cities as Antalya, Baku, Barcelona, Yekaterinburg, Krasnodar, Moscow, Omsk, Perm, Thessaloniki, St. Petersburg, Sochi, and a number of others. Kazan (Volga) Federal University is one of ten Russian federal universities and the third (after St. Petersburg State University and Moscow State University) oldest university in Russia.
Kazan is a place where people of different nationalities and religions live peacefully, in an atmosphere of friendliness and tolerance. In this city, two religions are historically closely intertwined: Sunni Islam and Orthodoxy. Kazan has more than 60 mosques, 40 Orthodox churches, a dozen churches of other Christian movements, 1 synagogue, prayer houses of Bahai and Krishna.
In total, representatives of over 115 nationalities live in the capital of Tatarstan. According to the 2010 census, the most numerous of them are Russians (48.6%) and Tatars (47.6%). Also among the residents of Kazan you can meet the Chuvash, Ukrainians, Mari, Bashkirs, and Udmurts.
Main Attractions of Kazan
The Kazan Kremlin — the oldest part of Kazan included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is a complex of architectural, historical, and archaeological monuments of the 12th-20th centuries. On the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, eastern and western cultures are harmoniously intertwined. The residence of the Head of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Government of Tatarstan are located here.
Kul-Sharif Mosque (1996-2005) — the main mosque of Tatarstan located on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin. This is an amazing building with four minarets, each 58 meters high, with stained glass windows and observation towers. The mosque has a museum of Islam, as well as observation balconies for tourists.
The Annunciation Cathedral (1555-1562) — the oldest building of the Kazan Kremlin. This outstanding monument of Russian architecture of the 16th century is the most remote example of the Pskov school of architecture.
Syuyumbike Tower — an old watch tower in the Kazan Kremlin, one of the main architectural symbols of Kazan. It belongs to the “falling” towers, as it has a noticeable slope to its northeastern side. Today, the deviation of its spire from the vertical is about 2 meters.
The Museum of Natural History of Tatarstan in the Kazan Kremlin — the only museum and scientific-educational center in the Volga region, which provides complete information about the geological history of our planet from the moment of its formation until the appearance of the first ancient people. The combination of traditional forms of presentation with interactive elements makes this museum attractive to a wide range of visitors.
The Hermitage-Kazan Exhibition Center in the Kazan Kremlin — the first regional branch of the State Hermitage (the second largest art museum in the world located in St. Petersburg). In the museum halls you can see paintings, graphics, ancient artifacts including household items made of gold and silver, weapons of the 8th-13th centuries, various archaeological artifacts, and modern art installations.
Bauman Street (Kazan Arbat) — the main pedestrian street of Kazan, about 4 km long. The street starts at the Kazan Kremlin and stretches through the city center. On this street you can see a lot of historical buildings, monuments, museums, a theater, countless cafes where you can taste national dishes and drinks, souvenir shops.
Epiphany Cathedral (1731-1756) on Bauman Street. The main attraction of this church is its magnificent tall bell tower (74 meters high) built in the style of “Russian Baroque” with numerous external decorative elements.
The National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan — the main museum of Tatarstan opened in 1895, one of the largest museums in the entire Volga region. In total, this museum has about 800 thousand exhibits that tell about the culture, history, life, traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan. The museum occupies a building, which is a monument of architecture and history of federal significance. Kremlyovskaya Street, 2.
The Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan — one of the largest art museums in Russia. Here you can see paintings, graphics, sculptures, works of decorative art of Western European and Russian schools of the 16th-19th centuries, as well as Soviet art. An important place in the exposition is occupied by a collection of icons from Sviyazhsk cathedrals and a unique collection of paintings by Nikolai Ivanovich Feshin — a master of impressionism and modernism. Karla Marksa Street, 64.
The Old Tatar Sloboda — one of the historic districts of Kazan. Its pedestrian part stretches for half a kilometer from Bauman Street and occupies part of Kayuma Nasyri Street. The district was formed in the 17th-18th centuries, when picturesque houses, mosques, and other attributes of the Tatar culture were built here. In Soviet times, most of them were lost. In the 2000s, it was reconstructed to give it its former splendor.
Shamil’s House — an eclectic building located in the Old Tatar Sloboda, an architectural monument and an object of cultural heritage of regional significance. Today, it houses the Literary Museum of Gabdulla Tukay. Gabdully Tukaya Street, 74.
Chak-Chak Museum. This museum located in the Old Tatar Sloboda is dedicated to the main Tatar dessert and one of the symbols of Tatarstan. The atmosphere of the Tatar prosperous house of the late 19th century is recreated here (old furniture, household utensils, tools, etc.). The exposition tells about the history of chak-chak from the times of the Volga Bulgaria to the present. Parizhskoy Kommuny Street, 18.
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (1723-1726) — an architectural monument built in the style of “Russian Baroque”. It is known for its 7-tier gilded iconostasis and rich history. Musy Dzhalilya Street, 21.
The Temple of All Religions. This unusual architectural structure dedicated to various religions of the world is also known as the Ecumenical Church and the International Cultural Center for Spiritual Unity. This is the only such building in the world on the territory of which 16 faiths are united, but no religious rites are held here, since the complex has only symbolic meaning. Staro-Arakchinskaya Street, 4.
The Palace of Farmers (2008-2010) — a palace complex built in the Empire and Classicism styles. The Ministry of Agriculture of Tatarstan is located here. The main decoration of this magnificent building is a huge bronze tree placed inside an arch. At night, the facade of the palace is illuminated. Fedoseyevskaya Street, 36.
The Family Center “Kazan” (2013). This original building serves as the Wedding Palace of Kazan. Inside, there are three thematic zones, which are decorated and furnished in the styles of the Volga Bulgaria, the Kazan Khanate, and in a classical manner. The top of the building is crowned with a huge Turkic cauldron (“kazan”). In the days free from wedding registration, tourists can visit this building and climb to the observation deck. Sibgat Khakim Street, 4.
The Island-Town of Sviyazhsk — a historic town founded on an island at the confluence of the Sviyaga into the Volga in 1551. Located about 64 km west of Kazan, it is a very unusual and incredibly picturesque place.
Приветствуем любознательных читателей, всегда готовых узнавать новую информацию и совершенствовать свое владение английской речью! Сегодня темой нашего материала станет topic My City, т.е. рассказ о городе на английском языке. Но в рамках статьи будем не разбирать готовый текст, а учиться писать собственное сочинение «Мой город» на английском языке. Для этого озвучим основные рекомендации по содержанию и оформлению текста, а также приведем сразу несколько наглядных примеров с русским переводом. Таким образом, к окончанию занятия у вас точно сложится полное представление о том, как составить на английском языке рассказ о своем городе. Итак, приглашаем познакомиться с топиком!
Учимся писать сочинение Мой город на английском – общие принципы выполнения работы
Для начала поговорим о том, что нам нужно сделать для написания сочинения. В это вопросе есть две составляющих:
- Моральная подготовка – психологический настрой, отсутствие волнения, собранность и целеустремленность.
- Практическая подготовка – достаточное знание английской грамматики, лексики, речевых конструкций и нюансов произношения.
По первому пункту отметим, что надо всегда стараться сохранять спокойствие. Поверьте, сочинение по теме «Мой город» на английском точно не повод для переживаний, стрессов и паники. Это всего лишь письменная работа, с которой под силу справится и ребенку. И если вы в английском еще начинающий, то от вас тоже никто не потребует подробного описания города и запредельной красоты речи. Достаточно просто продемонстрировать умение внятно излагать свои мысли, и поддерживать разговор на определенную тему.
Что же касается требуемого качества знаний, то здесь все зависит от уровня учащегося. Например, топик «Мой город» на английском для детей представляет собой простенький текст на 5-8 предложений. Тем не менее, в рамках такой работы проверяется владение малыша лексикой, а также умение правильно строить английские предложения и использовать стандартные речевые конструкции с to be, there is/are и т.п.
Для взрослых новичков уровня A1-A2 сочинение с переводом My Native Town уже считается более серьезной письменной работой. В пределах объема на 100-150 слов необходимо представиться читателю, описать на английском языке свой родной город и завершить текст красивой обобщающей смысл всего вышесказанного фразой. При этом по знаниям требуется владение временами Present и Past Simple, понимание to be и неправильных глаголов, а также наличие достаточного словарного запаса.
И, наконец, обладатели среднего и продвинутого уровня владения английской речью топик «Мой любимый город» на английском языке могут рассматривать совсем с разных сторон. Это может быть сочинение на английском про родной город или рассказ о самом привлекательном городе в мире. Допустима также история на английском языке о городе, который имеет большое историческое или культурное значение. Кроме того, учащиеся могут написать философское эссе, раскрывающее тему моего города мечты. И вот здесь уже, конечно, требования к стилю речи и оформлению эссе возрастают. Человек должен выражать мысли лаконично и понятно, при этом как можно меньше повторяться в использовании речевых конструкций и вести повествование плавно, раскрывая один пункт вслед за другим.
Таким образом, содержание и сложность сочинения определяются уровнем подготовки учащихся. Но в любом случае, даже с минимальной базой знаний вполне реально написать сочинение по английскому языку на тему «Мой город». И чтобы не быть голословными, в подтверждение приведем наглядные примеры текстов разного уровня сложности.
Возможно также будут полезны другие сочинения:
- Достопримечательности Лондона на английском языке
- Достопримечательности России на английском языке
- Сочинение «Про путешествие на английском»
- Сочинение на тему «Мое хобби на английском языке»
- Сочинение «Про спорт на английском»
- Рассказ о знаменитом человеке на английском языке
Сочинение «Мой город» на английском – готовые образцы с переводом
Итак, представляем вашему вниманию рассказ о своем городе на английском языке с переводом.
My town
I live in Vologda. This is my home town. It is on the Vologda river. My town is not very big city, but it is very beautiful. I like to walk along the streets of my town with my parents or friends. Vologda is an ancient city. There are a lot of museums, beautiful churches and nice buildings. My town is also full of wonderful parks and green zones. I love Vologda very much and I invite you to come and see my home town.
Мой город
Я живу в Вологде. Это мой родной город. Он расположен на берегах реки Вологда. Мой город не очень большой, но очень красивый. Я люблю прогуливаться по городским улочкам с родителями или друзьями. Вологда – старинный город. Здесь есть множество музеев, красивых церквей и прекрасных зданий. Мой город также полон чудесными парками и зелеными зонами. Я очень сильно люблю Вологду и приглашаю вас приехать и полюбоваться моим родным городом.
My home town
My name is Pavel. I was born in a small town Vyazma. It is located on the Vyazma river, about halfway between Smolensk and Mozhaisk.
I love my home town with all my heart. I have recently learnt a bit about its history. Vyazma was founded in 1230. This city was named after the river, whose name “vyaz”, meaning «swamp». In the Middle Ages Vyazma carried on a lively trade with Narva on the Gulf of Finland. At the beginning of the 19th century and during 1941-1943 years there were military battles near the Vyazma. During the two World wars my city suffered a lot. But later a lot of plants, factories, company and firms were opened here.
Nowadays Vyazma is a famous industrial city of Russia. The town’s main industries are engineering, leather working, graphite products, and flax textiles. Also there are many museums, parks, ancient churches and monuments in the Vyazma. In addition, my city is the native land of many famous people, such as the pilot Yury Yanov, starry actor Anatoly Papanov, and others. I’m proud to be living in this city.
Меня зовут Павел. Я родился в небольшом городке Вязьма. Он расположен на реке Вязьма, практически на одинаковом расстоянии между Смоленском и Можайском.
Я люблю свой родной город всем сердцем. Недавно я узнал немного фактов из его истории. Вязьма была основана в 1230 году. Этот город получил свое название в честь реки, названной «вязь», что буквально означает «болото». В средние века Вязьма вела оживленную торговлю с городом Нарва на Финском заливе. В начале 19 века и на протяжении с 1941 по 1943 годы близ Вязьмы велись военные сражения. За время двух мировых войн мой город сильно пострадал. Но позже в Вязьме открыли множество заводов, фабрик, компаний и фирм.
В настоящее время Вязьма – знаменитый промышленный город России. Главными промышленными отраслями города считаются машиностроение, кожевенное производство, изготовление изделий из графита и пошив текстильных тканей. Также в Вязьме есть множество музеев, парков, старинных церквей и памятников. В добавок, мой город является малой родиной многих знаменитых людей: например, летчика Юрия Янова, популярного киноактера Анатолия Папанова и многих других. Я горжусь тем, что живу в этом городе.
My native city
Hello! My name is Olga and I am 17 years old. I want to tell you about my native city.
I live in Pskov city, which lies in the north-west of Russia. It is one of the oldest Russian cities, because it was founded in 903. Pskov is located on the Velikaya river. It has a significant historic importance: the river provided Pskov with access to the sea, via Lake Peipus and the Narva River. By the 14th century, the city became the capital of the sovereign Pskov Republic and was a trading post of the Hanseatic League. Later Pskov came under the control of Moscow and Russian Empire. So it is a very old place, with rich and fascinating history.
The population of Pskov is slightly more than 210 000 people. My native city is not big, but it is very comfortable. The climate is mild in my city, although closeness the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland influences greatly the weather conditions. Winter is long and mild, summer is warm, but not long. Fall and summer we have more precipitation than winter and spring.
Many attractions of my city are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. So, Pskov is a world-known as the city of ancient churches and buildings. Of course, a lot of beautiful new houses and shops are built there every year, but most central streets have preserved their historical look. Ancient churches are the most remarkable part of the architectural heritage of Pskov. My home town has a lot of unique churches of the 12th-16th centuries. The most popular places of interest in Pskov are the Krom (Kremlin), Trinity Cathedral, Mirozhsky Monastery, Snetogorsky monastery, St. Basil’s on the Hill and the Pskov Monastery.
It is also impossible not to say about Izborsk, a seat of Rurik’s brother in the 9th century and one of the most formidable fortresses of medieval Russia. Mikhailovskoe, the family nest of the famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, is among the other attractions of Pskov. I am very proud that the national poet of Russia wrote some of the best known lines in the Russian language in my city.
Of course, there are many museums, theaters, cinemas, cafes and parks in the Pskov. I’ve already said, that my town is very interesting and comfortable. And in my opinion, it’s one of the most beautiful parts of Russia. I like Pskov and it will always be the best place on the planet for me.
Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Ольга, мне 17 лет. Я хочу с вами поделиться рассказом о моем родном городе.
Я живу в городе Псков, что находится на северо-западе России. Это один из старейших русских городов, поскольку город был основан в 903 году. Псков расположен на реке Великая. Она имеет важное историческое значение: эта река обеспечила Пскову выход к морю через Чудское озеро и реку Нарва. К 14 веку город стал столицей суверенной Псковской Республики и был важным торговым пунктом Ганзейского союза. Позднее Псков перешел под контроль Московского Царства и Российской империи. Так что это старинное место, с богатой и впечатляющей историей.
Население Пскова немногим превышает планку в 210 000 людей. Мой родной город не большой, но очень уютный. Климат в моем городе мягкий, хотя близость к Балтийскому морю и Финскому заливу значительно сказывается на погодных условиях. Зима долгая и несуровая, а лето теплое, но не длинное. Осенью и летом осадков у нас выпадает больше, чем зимой и весной.
Многие достопримечательности моего города внесены в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Так, Псков известен на весь мир, как город старинных церквей и зданий. Конечно, каждый год здесь строятся многие красивые новые дома и магазины, но большинство центральных улиц сохраняют свой исторический облик. Старинные церкви – наиболее значимая часть архитектурного наследия Пскова. Мой родной город обладает множеством уникальных церквей, возведенных в 12-16 столетиях. Наиболее популярными достопримечательностями Пскова являются Кром (Кремль), Троицкий собор, Мирожский монастырь, Снетогорский монастырь, Храм Василия Блаженного и Псковский монастырь.
Также невозможно не упомянуть о Изборске, резиденции брата Рюрика в 9 веке и одной из самых неприступных крепостей средневековой Руси. Михайловское, семейное гнездо знаменитого русского поэта Александра Пушкина, также стоит выделить среди достопримечательностей Пскова. Я очень горжусь тем, что самый народный поэт России написал несколько известных строк на русском языке в моем городе.
Конечно, в Пскове есть множество музеев, театров, кинотеатров, кафе и парков. Я уже говорила, что мой город интересный и уютный. И, по моему мнению, он является одним из самых красивых регионов России. Мне нравится Псков, и он всегда для меня будет лучшим местом на всей планете.
Что ж, на этом наше сегодняшнее занятие окончено. Надеемся, что изложенная выше теория помогла вам справиться с волнением и научиться настраиваться на выполнение письменных работ. Значит, вы с полной уверенностью в своих силах уже готовитесь самостоятельно составлять рассказ на английском языке «О моем городе», а представленные образцы сочинений как раз станут в этом деле хорошим подспорьем. Желаем вам успешного написания работы и обязательно ждем новых встреч на страницах нашего образовательного портала. Всего доброго!
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